Turn woodworking skills into products.

Now included with the MINNIE CUT jig......
"Jigs and gauges for beginners"....On CD.
Now, even the newest additions to woodworking can know about jigs, gauging, and
getting up to snuff producing more, and making the most out of your tools.

Vintage...

~Info-Outburst~
Recommended...Book #1 ~Box Joints and More...
They are a gateway to mastering your saw...Yep
Book#2 ~About Ingenious Machines and Methods.
Real World Times...Read IMM
Book #3   ~The 50 Giants of Industry~
Not ordinary...clarity. Connects what ma_ _ers
Book #4   ~The Castle Builder of Kleatt~
          Book #5~News at Five.....Best jobs, go-wing?
Book #6 ~Crafting Income~ New...
not for everyone...exporting your work.

Information is an indispensable means for improvement and change. This information is
compiled for this purpose, and like anything is published with as much accuracy and detail as
possible. Read more...What's a jigmaker do?

Introduction

PART I Finding wood.
PART II Wood tips and Ideas.
PART III Business tips and Ideas,
and sources.

When you go into any Best Buy you will notice that they almost always have a system. The televisions
are always to the back of the store and PC's are always on the right wall. The customer service is usually on the
right near the entrance and there seems to be a pattern. McDonalds and Walmart are also very consistent
concerning the location of everything. This is to provide a smooth operation and encourage order. This is "a system". Remember, every successful wood shop needs a system. Methodology is critical. This is taking into consideration every possible maneuver to eliminate wasted procedures, mistakes, and encourage
efficiency. Many companies have proven that they can dominate their respective sectors of the market. Many retail stores have learned this too late.

Most businesses, especially start up businesses sell more than one thing. If an appliance store
only sold TV's they would have to be hand-made or have some really unique feature. Many times it takes
generations for a specialty business to take root. Or else, many woodworkers would not only make
furniture, but restore and repair furniture. Many farmers might do some woodworking in the winter
when it is too cold to plant crops. This is known as income streaming, branching out, diversifying. They may provide a service, manufacture a product, and farm at different times of the year, depending on demand.
Henry Ford made an interesting comment once during the Great Depression. He said...."Whenever people
learn to become self-sustaining on farms or in small rural communities, then industry will seek out these communities. Industry will follow people to the smaller towns and many of our problems will be solved."
- Ford News, April 1934.

Henry Ford might have been pertaining to the problem of farmers swarming into cities in search of work. Had they known how to build and automate they could have remained in the country and earned an income, should the crops have a bad year. Read more about James Broyhill and Edward Lane.

Walmart might not be around if they only sold garden planters and top soil. They knew the advantages of diversity. They offer mountains of different products. You can even buy your eye glasses there along with film developing, a cell phone and a Big Mac! Of course a lot of variables make up any successful woodworking operation, but without the knowledge of duplication, the work will remain custom, hand made work. There is nothing wrong with nice quality custom work, but would Henry Ford would have survived making just
one Model T?

Think about it....We could be doing a 1,500 piece puzzle, or.....

1. When advanced ideas and forward thinking solutions are tailored
only towards our business goals, we focus and accomplish one thing.....
Producing well made, quality products, but...
2. When all of our exchanges and our masterly, professional books
and communications are drafted, reviewed, and with good intentions re-edited,
they focus on another thing: Promoting well made, professional products.
3. And...When advanced ideas and forward thinking solutions are brought
about and offered to those who have the tools, or those who
have the money or experience, we have another thing.... progress,
less waste, products, and productivity by connecting.

Productivity is the process of eliminating waste. When raw materials are ordered in bulk, there is less packaging and less freight, among other things. Therefore, there is less waste. The point here is that it is more efficient to make two products at any one time. There is much less effort buying the raw materials and setting up all the processes involved in producing copies of any product, once the initial operations are in place. Our backlash at low quality, mass produced goods have stifled most of the capable woodworkers interested in any "process." Many people who want to be self-sufficient, resourceful woodworkers never make it out of the starting gate. Many set their goal on just one impressive masterpiece, and do not derive very much experience from a single "one hit wonder." Only repetition can bring results, because skills need to be fed, and processes need to be practiced before most people can master most tasks.

Ford and Edison were good friends and
summer neighbors.
Edison could barely hear.

Did you know the Maglite flashlite has only been around less than twenty five years? The owner bought a lathe and started production in his garage in the fifties. Soon they will have a new plant in Ontario California employing over 2,000 people!

Edward Lane, founded the Lane Company in the beginning of the Century by producing
about a dozen cedar chests a day. At the time of his death in 1973, the enterprise employed
thousands of people in 19 plants in Virginia, North Carolina, and in the South. He started out
buying an old box factory and eventually was selling his famous Lane hope chests
all over the world.

Being resourceful also means communication! Contact as many wood related businesses a you can, and keep up to date. Get on every list that you can and be informed. Keep the train of information flowing your way and you will benefit from it eventually. Be resourceful and be safe! It is not likely that James Broyhill watched much television founding his furniture dynasty that employs over 7,000 people.

Years ago businesses were not run as lean as they had to be. Even in the military, when they didn’t need certain machines anymore, they weren’t sold to help pay for the next one….they were thrown overboard. Factories threw away all of their rejected parts by the ton. Machining, stamping, and molding companies, back in the seventies were then challenged by fuel shortages and imports. Huge production runs and stocked warehouses filled with inventories were the norm. (Not at Walmart!) Outsourcing was not always the answer. Manufacturers had to find a faster way to set up production runs in factories, and produce better quality. Parts orders were becoming smaller and more often. They also required higher quality. Standardized setups fool proofed, and reduced much of the lead-time and grief at the beginning of production runs. Parts were then inspected faster and more predictably. Quicker, more controlled setups for many production operations were a real necessity. Precision and positive mold and die line-ups were found to be huge time savers, because machine setups are time consuming. Without accurate and consistent setups and record keeping, longer, larger runs can become necessary.

In conclusion: There wasn't always a such necessity for controlling efficiency until the huge retail stores such as Amazon, Walmart and even Rockler Woodworking Tools arrived on the scene. Now they have become standards of how technology can be utilized for the greatest efficiency. Now every company that can, will being doing their best to search for the best techniques. They will now put a premium on quality systems, tools, and information to help them compete.

The question.....Can It be possible to make a living as a woodworker, has
been addressed many times in forums over the years. The answer to that is that if you
have enough wood, skill, and information, Yes. But you also have to know
that your biggest stumbling block will be the common impression that sales come
naturally and all that needs to be done is produce and advertise.
This is a pre-conception for many. The truth is, customers and sales are
the result of years of effort, contacts, reputation building, and keen communication
skills. It is also the result of an extensive investment of time, sweat, and
the element of risk. Anyone rushing into a money making venture
must also accept the fact that some people have an advantage because of their experience,
location, connections, and access to tools, and affordable raw materials.
Many established businesses are a result of a second or third generation,
who continue their successful system. In other words, the Capital
has all been poured into their specialty business many years previous.
A new start up has to provide most of the "capital" as an on-going expense.
An exception to this is someone who has an income such as a farmer, or
mechanic who wishes to start a woodworking business. This is an excellent
example of a possible production woodshop in a good position to buy the wood,
make the products, and even handle the sales.

Everyone is saying that "we don't make anything in America anymore"
How many people know how? In manufacturing, you need jigs,
molds, dies, and fixtures. Also, for precise duplication of almost
anything, the less screws and movable parts, the more accurate
the locating, and the better the consistency.

With the MASCUT 1.0, the parts (gages) can be adjusted, not
the jig or the fixture. Imagine yourself making hundreds of identical parts,
without worrying about your settings drifting or changing months down the
road. Method is the answer. Locate everything predictably and precisely,
then generate the product with accuracy.

Awhile back I was out in the country and drove by a huge house and barn sale. The man was moving and selling his whole shop full of tools. It isn’t that often that you see so many nice tools in one place. The shop was in a barn and his barn was as close to a commercial shop as you could get. The man made all of his own shelves, tables, and outdoor teakwood furniture. He could build everything, and I could tell he loved his hardwoods. Teak. oak, maple and walnut were all very neatly stacked in separate bins. From what I saw, he was a very organized person, but didn’t know or care about production or duplication.

He was definitely capable of having a full-fledged production shop. I just didn’t notice any of the signs of duplication or mass production anywhere. No jigs, no containers, no mass produced projects were in the shop anywhere. He had everything else that you could imagine! A three or four thousand dollar planer, Master table saw and many other types of saws. Ten years of work to get his shop just right and it was all sold in a few hours. There are hundreds of things he could have made, but was anxious to hop in his brand new motor home and move south. This left a heck of an impression on me because when you looked out of his shop window you could see horses and a nice fishing pond in the yard. He had a shop that guy’s dream of. I really don’t think he had any idea of the potential for that barn.

I think everyone who has ever built a woodshop has had some dream of making a profit. Or they hope that one day they will be able to have a business on their block or in their own garage. I think this endeavor is made with the dream of being independent. I think it is behind most of the motivation of woodworkers who are building or growing their shop and researching the craft. The problem is that most people who pursue their dream of their own woodworking business fall out of interest. They think that the competition is too big, or wood costs too much.

A major reason I think is the lack of any consistent sources of wood. (See our Hardwood Directory to help solve that problem). Also they never consider diversifying, offer a variety of products and services! Here is an idea. Write down three wood related services or skills that you are capable of doing well. Keep your list and set your goals to perfect two or three. Before we go any further, if the problem of wood not being available is your problem, here is another solution.

To find wood locally you can go out in the suburbs or in the country and find a sawmill. Ask a lumber store owner where a couple of small sawmills are at in the area. Many of them do not advertise or are even listed in the phone book. Some State Forest Centers have lists of sawmills, and will send them to you. Ask the owner of the sawmill if he knows any shops nearby who might cut some wood for you. Just say “ I have a woodshop and I need some guys to supply me with pre-cut blanks or dimensioned wood.” “Can you give me their names and numbers?” If he knows of any, and he might do it himself, he will probably be glad to help. Then pay them a visit and call ahead of time if possible. Many shop owners are glad to squeeze in a side job and they are reasonable with their prices. It is easy work for them and many appreciate some new and different business. Now figure out the dimensions of the wood you will need and give him a down payment. You might even get him to deliver the order if you pay him the travel costs! While you are at it ask him if he knows any other guys who might supply you with similar orders. You need a couple of connections in case one of them is busy. Remember to record all of your orders and all the details and keep this in very well organized files. This will save you from any aggravation of losing any records. What this process of outsourcing will do is generate lots of work for a lot of small business owners. This is similar to what keeps all of our big businesses going and is called contract manufacturing. Your computer industry is the same way. Parts are ordered from many different suppliers like modem makers, chip manufacturers, and mother boards. Then they are only assembled by the big “box” manufacturers. This reduces the setup time and the labor costs for doing all the work “in house.

Here is a neat idea...Take a plastic pop bottle and pierce a few tiny holes in the plastic cap to use as a squirt bottle. I have been using these soda bottles for coolant, finishes and stains for years. Also, pour wood glue into small jars instead of trying to squeeze it out of clogged containers. Then apply it with a brush or applicator and just close the jar when finished.

You would be surprised to know how many sawmills that they have in the country. If you live in a big hardwood state like Ohio or Pennsylvania, it is filled with sawmills. You don’t know how many because I would guess that a majority of them don’t advertise. I know that Ohio and Pennsylvania are probably saturated with sawmills.

Woodworking is a great pass time, getting a shop set up and organizing it all into an efficient operation. The rubber hits the road when it comes to finding an adequate supply of wood. Whether its plywood, hardwood, or exotic wood, the costs and sources are one of the wood shops biggest challenge. The more time and expense cut out of the hunt for wood means more time making things.

1. Learn about mini-mills, drying wood, and even grow and harvest your own.
2. Buy the wood from a friend who might have over-bought. For example, a contractor or wood shop you know of who buys wholesale amounts of wood.
3. Purchase together with a group or co-op type of arrangement. This requires a considerable amount of work finding partners and arraigning purchases.
4. Find and recycle old furniture thrown out. Hey, just because it isn't appropriate or it isn't that classy, your just starting out, and it can be used for test runs if anything. (Note: You won't run a business with tree lawn harvesting, but it is a fairly popular method, and sometimes quite overworked). It is mostly inconsistent and time consuming too. It is a nice to find wood in this method, but the prized find can be few and far between. You might find barn wood that is more plentiful, but still cost money, and can damage a saw blade.
5. Use pallet wood. This can get you in trouble if you do not make pre-arraignments, and pallet wood is very hard on most machinery. Planer blades are too hard to replace to bother with most pallet wood. Also, pallet wood can be pretty dirty depending on what it was used for.
6. You can decide to make small furniture, boxes, and even miniatures projects and pens. This doesn't require a large inventory of wood or room.
7. Use Pine from lumber yards and if you need 1/2", have them plane it down (on both sides) to keep it from warping.

Plant lots of tree in your spare time. The Arbor Day Foundation 1-888-448-7337 sends out free trees to their members. They mail out tons of starter trees to their members across the country.

Rockler.com has great products like Porter Cable,
Delta, and more. Order 24 Hours a day!

One thing about moisture in your wood. If you are doing work with fine furniture, be a little cautious at first about a new wood supplier. If the projects you build might be subject to warping - take the time to learn about the moisture content in wood. If you are only building small items or toys it is not as much of a concern as a larger item. Any pro wood store will demonstrate a moisture meter. I know people who drive out of state for some wood like burl wood, but you can buy wood with confidence at many places online, even Rockler.

Plywood is often a higher grade when you buy at a reputable store or cabinet supply outlet. Remember that cheaper grades of plywood can have voids that will dip or even cave in. Buy the highest grade of plywood that you can afford if you are doing fine woodworking.

The answers are at the bottom of this web page.

The following are individual productions
on what famous, long running
Cable TV Program?

*Sworn to Secrecy.
*Declassified.
*Digging for the Truth.
*Engineering an Empire.
*Decoding the Past.
*Failure Is Not an Option .
*The Lost Evidence.

What year did Henry Ford begin mass production.
Will the Discovery Channel discover Ingenious
What year did The Learning channel begin? And end?
Machines and Methods? Maybe!
What year did the New Yankee Workshop begin to air? 1989
Who owns the New Yankee Workshop where Norm films the show?
Norm Abram's original partner on the New Yankee Workshop was?
The town of Athens, in which state has a "Norm
Abram Street" in the honor of Norm Abrams?

Communication is the next great key to success. You might need to attend craft shows, trade shows or possibly shops in your area. There are also classes at night schools, and in Rockler and Woodcraft stores to attend!

Forget about the two words “custom made” unless you have been raised to build cabinets or are very rich. It is a big learning curve to stride before you make a profit in this manner. Custom made woodworking is nice and sounds like it is packed with integrity but it is only for the ones skilled to do it. It is not for beginners, or those who have not had the virtue of learning such a craft. The way I look at it is success comes from a whole lot of failure. We can’t make custom furniture if success is a process of learning from your mistakes. Mastering fine furniture building is a process that takes time and lot’s of effort.

Ed Knabusch did not become wealthy making just one La-z-boy chair. By the way he started out making doll furniture in his garage. Edward Lane was not responsible for his cedar chest empire by building just one cedar chest! In other words, they perfected one product and then duplicated it. By the way, Steve Jobs also started Apple Computer in his garage, and Hewlett Packard started the same way!

A long jack plane can many times replace a jointer. You can lay it upside down and clamp it squarely to a side board. Most lumberyards will plane [their] wood for you. In other words learn to sub the work out...Locally, if possible. That is the secret to streamlining any business. Unfortunately it is the way many big enterprises cut peoples jobs too by sending the work out of the country.

Don’t try to spend all your time being perfect. I learned that from a guy whose shop was in his barn. It was as neat and organized as a laboratory, but he sold it all because he didn't have a system, or could not find any value in such an awesome shop. A toolmaker one time showed me an unbelievable collection of tools that he owned and beautiful walnut chests that he built. He was also out of work and his tools were hauled into his bedroom in his apartment! He seemed to be way too fussy and neat. He had to own every tool under the sun but he wasn’t business wise. There is an old saying that is true about a successful shoemaker. “ His kids had the worst shoes” This is true because one time a guy I worked with was the best maintenance man in our plant. One time when he was hospitalized, I gathered up some money at the shop and took him some bags of food. His house was in a beautiful neighborhood but his talents at building repairs and maintenance did not show around his house. The front storm door had no glass and the rest of the house needed major rehab! Incidentally, I’m not telling these stories about people as a gossip. I loathe gossip. I’m just telling these as an analogy or example.

Don’t worry so much about mistakes unless you are working with a rare piece of rosewood. I found that mistakes are a part of the success process. This doesn’t mean to be careless, but mistakes are a vital way that we acquire our skills. If you know you can’t make something for someone- admit it. This will give you a natural tendency to move with total caution and finally prevent errors. Somebody once said that we accomplish some of our greatest tasks out of necessity. When we are given no option but to attempt a certain task- we are taking a risk. But the rewards are the most valuable. When we accomplish things we are afraid of it gives us our most confidence.

Tip: Be careful when gluing many exotic woods. They often have high oil content and need special glue other than your basic old reliable yellow glue.

To build a great sanding table or spray booth find a good furnace blower. Build a box to fit it in that has an intake port and an outake port. Cover the intake port with a good furnace filter. We have one that has Pegboard across the whole top which is the intake port. Then we just work on the top 36” by 36” inch surface. The unit sits on the floor and the top comes off to shake out the linen filter. The clean air exhausts out the back. Rockler now has the plans and motor for one at their website. Just type in the keyword...Downdraft... in their search engine.

If you ever come up with an invention or a product that you think will be the next blockbuster in the industry, be forewarned. This is best left up to people who have the money to experiment with their invention. Many so called inventor assistance companies will eagerly assist you in spending lot's of your money. You have to choose from the plethora of distribution means available. Trade shows, advertising in magazines, Distribution in stores, the Internet, and many, many others. A good Lawyer and a better Writer is probably your best asset in this category. Starting your own product or invention to market is a long process and takes lots of patience and determination, but is possible. Never rule out multiple products to coincide with a product which might not sell as well. Again, many times this venture is left up to experienced marketers or those who have done it before. Never leave out the possibility of partnering a skilled writer with a skilled artist. Many times a good writer who knows a little bit about the product to sell can communicate the product very well. Together with lots of self and outside investment you have a winning combination. A couple of web-sites to get you started would be The Small Business Administration, and INC.com. Do not underestimate the services they offer at the SBA! Businesses are started all the time. Successful ones are the results of lots of failed ones. The key is to get something started that has others who are willing to contribute to, and a good salary or commission would make them willing. Never expect that family members will instinctively want to be a part of YOUR vision. Remember that you might face a mountain of challenges to reach the top, but it’s all down hill once you succeed.

What year did the History channel begin to broadcast?
Where is the headquarters for the History Channel?
Who owns the history channel as of 2008?

Tip: Many times you will buy wood and it will have a sticker on it. On fine hardwoods the sticker will stain and be hard to remove before you apply your finish. Maybe put a pencil marker over the sticker location and build your project with the sticker on the inside.

Rockler.com has hardwoods products like Porter Cable,
Delta, and more. Order 24 Hours a day. Woodworking soon?
Rockler Woodworking

Here is a way to make money with some free help from Mother Nature. It may take a little patience but it is making many people a living right now!

Is Paulownia the newest get rich crop? If you live in the southern states or far west coast you may have to check out this fast growing tree. This tree grows like a rocket and is said to be a miracle tree by some. Go to your favorite search engine and look it up! It is suppose to grow 20 feet per year or more. Some people say it makes nice hardwood and expect it to even be a great crop to farm. I have read a story where the man said this tree has really hepled many economies in Asia, while some have said it is a pest in some cases.

Never try something new with a project that you have invested long hours to complete. In other words, if a certain glue you have used works good, use it. Don't try to experiment on any project that you invested long hours to complete. One example would be trying a new glue or finish that you may never have used before only to find out that it doesn't work!

Never plane wood on just one side. Many times the wood will cup unevenly.

If you don't want to splinter at the end of a router cut, stop just before the end and hand file or sand the radius in by hand. You can even set up a stop so your piece doesn't pass all the way to the end. Another way to prevent tear out is to butt two pieces together.

Always test a new finish on scrap first! Many times the finish can lose it's quality by sitting for too long or it is not the type of gloss you need.

This is an old bit of jargon "measure twice and cut once, but can't be said enough. Never assume that you made the correct measurement the first time. Check the measurement again beforehand, and then proceed!

When your project is assembled always put at least an oil finish or shellac sealer on it if you want to protect it from stains.

Make a trial piece out of scrap wood for any complicated projects. Then, at worst you will have made one to give away. Scrap wood should be used liberally to make test cuts for any new set up.

Although as mentioned before, stating a business is a big challenge. Some who have a sure winning plan should not be held back though. Their are many things to consider and address before jumping in with blind ambition. But, if this is your intention, the link below is filled with helpful books about getting the money. Be aware though that grants are available, but a grant writer is skilled at such a task. Yes there are many people skilled at writing and properly submitting grants successfully. One other thing, and that is....if you are a female, then you have a huge advantage for receiving federal grant money. I learned this at a grant seminar.

Most editorials about tools are geared towards only making one desk, one oak table, or one thing from a woodworking plan. Making more in volume is where the next level resides, and the economist really takes a peek at the quantity, sales, and purchases and says "They found a niche, a method to manufacture." It is the hobbyist in motion, one discovering and advancing that keeps the industry, beginning with the craft and hobby media afloat. Yet all of the books and all of the edits result in stories that are cautious. They are cautious for good reason. They are careful to recommend a woodworking plan, or tool, and not about recommending a business bend to their readers craft or hobby.

In other words, the traditional world media realizes that turning many hobbies, or woodworking into a business is expensive, especially if you have to buy your own tools and hardwoods. They rarely mention the "Biz" word, because most people (or those with a benevolent uncle) may need to try very hard keeping and enjoying their current job, and not willy nilly shoot for high volume and get mislead about business.

The next link in the loop is numerous agencies, non-profits, and specifically the SBA, who recommends carefully, that everyone pursue a business slant. They would encourage a method, or an accountable system of uniformity, duplication and delivery...carefully, and methodically. They would suggest that woodworkers test the waters, each according to their financial ability and they would especially suggest a proven knowledge of what business demands and the necessity to provide mistake free delivery.

Here is a story that might still be posted at INC.com about a woman starting a foundry in Georgia.

Also, if you read this far you probably have a serious interest in a woodworking business and the
Woodweb.com forum may be of interest.

What year did the History Channel begin to broadcast? It began in 1995.

Where is the headquarters for the History Channel? New York City.

Who owns the History Channel as of 2008? News Corp is a major holder.

The following are answers to the questions about the list of
"mystery productions" on what famous Cable Channel?
The answer is, they are a list of programs shown on
The History Channel.

*Sworn to Secrecy..1998, A long History Channel Series about military secrets.
*Declassified is a television series produced by Ten Worlds Productions on
The History Channel that originally aired on November 9, 2004.
*Digging for the Truth is a History Channel documentary television series.
The first of three seasons of "Digging." began in 2005.
*Engineering an Empire is over 12 episodes on The History Channel that
explores some of the greatest engineering feats in history.
*Decoding the Past began in 2005. It is a History Channel documentary
looking for unusual things written about throughout history.
*Failure Is Not an Option ..A History Channel production
from 2003 about the space race.
*The Lost Evidence, is another History Channel program
which uses three dimensional landscapes of the battles of World War II.

More answers...

What year did Henry Ford begin mass production. Henry Ford's assembly line
began in 1913. It cut the assembly time for a Model T Ford chassis from
about twelve hours to around one and a half hours.

Will the Discovery Channel discover Ingenious Machines and Methods? Maybe.

What year did The Learning Channel begin? It began in 1972.
The channel featured documentaries pertaining to science, history, current
events, technology, home improvement, DIY and much more.
It was bought by the Discovery channel in 1991, and in 1998, the channel
officially changed it's original name “The Learning
Channel” to just “TLC”.

What year did the New Yankee Workshop begin to air? 1989

Who owns the New Yankee Workshop where Norm Abrams films the show?
The Director of The New Yankee Workshop Russell Morash owns the shop.
His other shows include the DIY home repair, "How to" show called This Old House.

Norm Abram's original partner on the New Yankee Workshop was? Bob Vila
initially shared with Norm the hosting of New Yankee Workshop with Bob Vila.

The town of Athens, in which state has a "Norm Abram
Street" in the honor of Norm Abrams? Ohio.

This information is compiled with as much accuracy as available. Do not use any of these theories or principles as fact,
until they are tested and or compared to effective examples. Always wear safety glasses and obey the safety rules.
Copyright 2008 Xtra Products
HOME...www.woodjig.com Home of the MASCUT 1.0

Tags .... TLC, The Learning Channel, The Discovery Channel, The History Channel, Norm Abrams, The New Yankee Workshop, James Broyhill, Edward Lane, Henry Ford , Ed Knabusch.